Gauge theory is widely utilized in particle physics, accounting for the Standard Theory by which all other competing theories are judged. A good technical summary article on gauge theories is John Taylor, "Gauge theories in particle physics," in Paul Davies, Ed., The New Physics, p. 458-480.

Elsewhere we find that classical electromagnetics was the first gauge theory. Also, J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edition, 1975, p. 220-223 covers this succinctly, although in the system of Gaussian units rather than today's more familiar rationalized MKSA units. He shows that Maxwell's four equations can first be reduced to a set of two coupled equations in the A & representation. He shows that the potentials A and therein are arbitrary in a specific sense, since the A vector can be replaced with A' = A + , where is a scalar function and is its gradient. The B field is given by B = x A, so that the new B' field becomes

In other words, the B field has remained entirely unchanged, even though the magnetic vector potential has been changed. However, if no other change were made, then the electric field E would have still been changed. So the scalar potential must be simultaneously regauged (transformed) so as to offset its change due to the regauging of equation [1]. In short, we must also change to ', where ' = - (1/c)/t. With that additional change, now both the E and B fields remain unchanged, even though both potentials have changed and the fundamental stored energy of the system has changed. An unlimited number of such gauge transformations of the potentials can be freely made, without altering the force fields and without therefore requiring work to be done on the system.

Jackson points out that, conventionally, a set of potentials (A, ) is habitually chosen by the electrodynamicists such that

B' = x(A + ) = xA + 0 = xA = B [1]

This uncouples the two previously coupled Maxwell equations (potential form) to leave two much simpler inhomogeneous wave equations, one for and one for A.

My comment is, this is of course quite useful for purposes of simplifying the theory, but it has now arbitrarily eliminated the freedom of the system designer to regauge the system's potentials, without changing the force fields, and without requiring work to be done upon the system to do regauging.

In short, the electrodynamicists have simply assumed away the capability of work-free "refueling" of an electromagnetic system by the system's evoking a work-free regauging. Thereby they have narrowed the model to a closed system of equations that prohibits the free opening and receipt of excess vacuum potential energy.

What they have done is discard a major overunity mechanism: Regauging without requiring work be done on the system, so as to freely gather in and collect excess potential energy in the system, whereupon that excess collected/stored energy can then be used to freely power loads.

The blunt truth is that overunity via such work-free regauging has been in the Heaviside/Maxwell equations all along, and the electrodynamicists have just conveniently and arbitrarily assumed it away by limiting the theory to prevent regauging the potentials.

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A + (1/c)/t = 0 [2]