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So the time-reversed EM wave that one finally sees emerging in nonlinear phase conjugate optics in the early 1970s was omitted from the Maxwellian theory and its later modification by Heaviside and Gibbs. Maxwell's actual theory is in a higher topology (quaternion algebra), and involves some 20 quaternion equations. Heaviside and Gibbs created vector algebra, and seriously curtailed Maxwell's theory when they "translated" it into the much lower topology of vectors and some four equations. The later addition of tensors as the basis mathematics did not restore the lost topology provided by the quaternion model.[note 6] For the EM wave, Maxwell simply assumed the transverse EM wave that had come from the much earlier derivation of the familiar wave equation from the old "plucked taut string" notions. [note 7] Yet when one closely examines and corrects some of the erroneous assumptions [note 8] made for the actual mathematical derivation of this "taut string" transverse wave, one finds (Figure 1) that an equal-energy second antiphased transverse "antiwave" is actually produced by the instrument and added to the "plucked string's" transverse wave disturbance of the air medium, to produce a longitudinal wave of compression and rarefaction in the air itself. The "transverse string wave" in fact never leaves the string. The string wave is not the wave that is launched into the medium.
A similar electromagnetic situation exists. In a whip antenna (Figure 2), the Drude electron gas in the conductor does exhibit a transverse "string-type" EM wave of electron precession. However, at the same time, by Newton's third law (which Maxwell neglected because at the time the atom was regarded as just a blob with no internal structure) the positively charged, phase conjugated atomic nuclei have equal energy, highly damped transverse recoil waves created in them. Further, these "nuclei-recoil" waves are phase conjugate replicas of the electron gas waves. The total disturbance that is launched into the vacuum from the whip antenna is (a) the normal transverse disturbance of the virtual photon flux of vacuum caused by the electron gas wave, and (b) the coupled equal-energy transverse antiwave caused by the nuclei-recoil via Newton's third law. The amplitude of the material antiwaves of nuclei vibration are highly damped because of the massiveness of the nuclei; however, they are of equal energy to the electron wave. But when launched into the same vacuum, the two equal-energy wave disturbances experience equal damping because they are in the same medium. Hence the wave and antiwave are (a) locked together in the vacuum, and (b) of equal energy, and (3) of equal amplitude once launched into the vacuum. What results is a vacuum EM wave of rarefaction (reduction in intensity) and compression (increase in intensity) of the virtual photon flux of vacuum __ just exactly like what is launched into the surrounding gaseous air medium from the "plucked taut string" and perturbed body of a physical instrument. The EM wave in vacuum is a longitudinal wave directly analogous to a sound wave __ just as Nikola Tesla stated. [note 9]
The vacuum may be considered a scalar potential, in which case it has an internal biwave structure (Figure 3). Interference of two potentials __ i.e., the hidden interference (Figure 4) of their internal wave structures __ in fact already creates all EM fields and waves.
When the incoming longitudinal "biwave" from the vacuum strikes the atoms of the receiving antenna, each atom may be considered a dynamic assembly of multiple dipoles, where each dipole consists of one of the electrons in the electron shells and one of the positive charges in the nucleus. The receiving dipole in the interacting atom splits the two waves apart again (Figure 5). The negatively charged end of the dipole is time-forward, and the positively charged end is time-reversed. Hence the separated normal-wave-half of the biwave interacts with the electron, to give again the familiar transverse "electron precession" wave that we detect with our "electron wiggle-detecting" instruments (Figure 6). This detected electron precession wave is what all our textbooks prescribe erroneously as the vacuum wave! The separated time-reversed-wave-half of the incoming vacuum wave is split off and interacts with the positive end of the receiving atomic dipole, in the time-reversed atomic nucleus, thus generating Newton's third law reaction force to provide the recoil of the nucleus. Present physics has ignored this second wave altogether, because of the serious error in the original derivation of the wave equation from plucked strings. Thus physics presently has absolutely no causative mechanism for Newton's reaction force. Instead, scientists just "mystically invoke the appearance of this magic force." Describing that something occurs, and naming its occurrence, does not constitute advancing a causative mechanism!
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